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NASA Inspector General Robert Cobb Resigns

NASA Inspector General Robert Cobb submitted a letter of resignation to the White House on Thursday, April 2, 2009. President Barack Obama accepted Cobb's resignation, which is effective April 11.

The text of the letter is:

Dear Mr. President:

With this letter I tender my resignation as the Inspector General of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, effective April 11, 2009.

I have been honored to serve the United States over the past seventeen years, first at the Office of Government Ethics, then at the White House, and for the last seven years as Inspector General.

A new Inspector General will find an organization with extraordinarily talented employees dedicated to rooting out fraud, waste, and abuse and promoting the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of NASA.

At NASA, the seemingly impossible is turned into marvels of human achievement. Challenges facing NASA are many, but I am confident that they will be ably met by your Administration, working with NASA's gifted scientists, engineers, institutional leaders, and contractor workforce.

I wish you every success.

Very Respectfully,

Robert W. Cobb

NASA Joins 'Around the World in 80 Telescopes'

A collection of NASA missions will be involved in a live event Friday, April 3, that will allow the public to get an inside look at how these missions are run. "Around the World in 80 Telescopes" is a 24-hour webcast that is part of the "100 Hours of Astronomy" event for the International Year of Astronomy 2009.

During the webcast, viewers will be able to visit some of the most advanced telescopes on and off the planet. For NASA's space-based missions, the webcast will be broadcast from control centers throughout the United States. To view the webcast, visit http://www.100hoursofastronomy.org/component/content/article/34/75 .

As part of the webcast, most of the missions will release a never-before-seen image from the telescope or observatory. The new images can be found on the Web sites listed below. Please note these times correspond to the beginning of each mission's segment on the live webcast and when each new image will be available.

The NASA missions participating in the webcast, in chronological order, are (times are Pacific Daylight Time, April 3):

Hubble Space Telescope: 10:20 a.m. http://hubblesite.org/news/2009/14

Swift Gamma-ray Burst Explorer: 10:40 a.m. http://www.nasa.gov/swift

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope: 11 a.m. http://www.nasa.gov/fermi

SOHO and TRACE: 12:20 p.m. http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/ and http://sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov/smex/trace/

STEREO: 12:40 p.m. http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Galaxy Evolution Explorer: 1:20 p.m. http://www.galex.caltech.edu/ and www.nasa.gov/galex

Chandra X-ray Observatory: 1:40 p.m. http://www.chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2009

Spitzer Space Telescope: 2:20 p.m. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/spitzer/index.shtml and www.nasa.gov/spitzer

Kepler: 12:05 a.m. (April 4) http://kepler.nasa.gov

For information about the International Year of Astronomy, visit http://astronomy2009.nasa.gov/ .

For more information about NASA and agency programs, visit http://www.nasa.gov .

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., manages the Spitzer Space Telescope mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology, also in Pasadena. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. Graphics and more information about Spitzer are online at http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/spitzer and http://www.nasa.gov/spitzer .

Caltech leads the Galaxy Evolution Explorer mission and is responsible for science operations and data analysis. JPL manages the mission and built the science instrument. The mission was developed under NASA's Explorers Program managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Researchers sponsored by Yonsei University in South Korea and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in France collaborated on this mission. Graphics and additional information about the Galaxy Evolution Explorer is online at http://www.galex.caltech.edu and http://www.nasa.gov/galex/ .

Waveshield Report

FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission called for brawny industry self-regulatory initiative to help battle childhood fatness and make sure that only better foods and beverages are market to America’s children. FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission Chairman has also advocated continued review of amusement industry marketing practice to stop children from being exposed to unsuitable content. The FTC Commission has finished five reports on this theme since 2000.

FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission Energy

FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission Chairman Leibowitz was the one FTC commissioner to disagree on a 2007 FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission Report on Spring/Summer 2006 countrywide Gasoline Price increase, which found that the boost could be explain by market forces. “The query you ask determine the answer you get,” FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission chairman wrote, “whatever hypothetical justification exists doesn’t keep out the real world threat that there was profiteer at the expense of customers." likewise, in an previous report investigate accusations of price gouge by oil companies after Hurricane Katrina, FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission chairman Leibowitz wrote discretely to note that a handful of refiners studied display “troubling” behavior.

Sheldon Kalnitsky Mobile Gambling

The total value of Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile data services exceeds the value of paid services on the Internet, and was worth 31 billion dollars in 2006 (source Informa). The largest categories of Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile services are Sheldon Kalnitsky music, Sheldon Kalnitsky picture downloads, Sheldon Kalnitsky video gaming, adult entertainment, gambling, and video/TV.

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Hubble Finds Hidden Exoplanet in Archival Data

A powerful, newly refined image-processing technique may allow astronomers to discover extrasolar planets that are possibly lurking in over a decade's worth of Hubble Space Telescope archival data.

David Lafrenière of the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, has successfully demonstrated this new strategy for planet hunting by identifying an exoplanet that went undetected in Hubble images taken in 1998 with its Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS). In addition to illustrating the power of new data-processing techniques, this finding underscores the value of the Hubble data archive, on which those new techniques can be used.

The planet, estimated to be at least seven times Jupiter's mass, was originally discovered in images taken with the Keck and Gemini North telescopes in 2007 and 2008. It is the outermost of three massive planets known to orbit the dusty young star HR 8799, which is 130 light-years away. NICMOS could not see the other two planets because its coronagraphic spot -- a device which blots out the glare of the star -- also interferes with observing the two inner planets.

"We've shown that NICMOS is more powerful than previously thought for imaging planets," says Lafrenière. "Our new image-processing technique efficiently subtracts the glare from a star that spills over the coronagraph's edge, allowing us to see planets that are one-tenth the brightness of what could be detected before with Hubble." Lafrenière adapted an image reconstruction technique that was first developed for ground-based observatories.

Using the new technique, he recovered the planet in NICMOS observations taken 10 years before the Keck/Gemini discovery. The Hubble picture not only provides important confirmation of the planet's existence, it provides a longer baseline for demonstrating that the object is in an orbit about the star. "To get a good determination of the orbit we have to wait a very long time because the planet is moving so slowly (it has a 400-year period)," says Lafrenière. "The 10-year-old Hubble data take us that much closer to having a precise measure of the orbit."

NICMOS's view provided new insights into the physical characteristics of the planet, too. This was possible because NICMOS works at near-infrared wavelengths that are severely blocked by Earth's atmosphere due to absorption by water vapor.

How Low Can It Go? Sun Plunges into the Quietest Solar Minimum in a Century

The sunspot cycle is behaving a little like the stock market. Just when you think it has hit bottom, it goes even lower.

2008 was a bear. There were no sunspots observed on 266 of the year's 366 days (73 percent). To find a year with more blank suns, you have to go all the way back to 1913, which had 311 spotless days. Prompted by these numbers, some observers suggested that the solar cycle had hit bottom in 2008.

Maybe not. Sunspot counts for 2009 have dropped even lower. As of March 31st, there were no sunspots on 78 of the year's 90 days (87 percent).

It adds up to one inescapable conclusion: "We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum," says solar physicist Dean Pesnell of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.

"This is the quietest sun we've seen in almost a century," agrees forecaster David Hathaway of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala.

Quiet suns come along every 11 years or so. It's a natural part of the sunspot cycle, discovered by German astronomer Heinrich Schwabe in the mid-1800s. Sunspots are planet-sized islands of magnetism on the surface of the sun, and they are sources of solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and intense UV radiation. Plotting sunspot counts, Schwabe saw that peaks of solar activity were always followed by valleys of relative calm—a clockwork pattern that has held true for more than 200 years.

The current solar minimum is part of that pattern. In fact, it's right on time. But is it supposed to be this quiet?

Measurements by the Ulysses spacecraft reveal a 20 percent drop in solar wind pressure since the mid-1990s—the lowest point since such measurements began in the 1960s. The solar wind helps keep galactic cosmic rays out of the inner solar system. With the solar wind flagging, more cosmic rays penetrate the solar system, resulting in increased health hazards for astronauts. Weaker solar wind also means fewer geomagnetic storms and auroras on Earth.

Careful measurements by several NASA spacecraft have also shown that the sun's brightness has dimmed by 0.02 percent at visible wavelengths and a whopping 6 percent at extreme UV wavelengths since the solar minimum of 1996. These changes are not enough to reverse global warming, but there are some other, noticeable side-effects.

Earth's upper atmosphere is heated less by the sun and it is therefore less "puffed up." Satellites in Earth orbit experience less atmospheric drag, extending their operational lifetimes. That’s the good news. Unfortunately, space junk also remains in orbit longer, posing an increased threat to useful satellites.

Finally, radio telescopes are recording the dimmest "radio sun" since 1955. After World War II, astronomers began keeping records of the sun's brightness at radio wavelengths, particularly 10.7 cm. Some researchers believe that the lessening of radio emissions during this solar minimum is an indication of weakness in the sun's global magnetic field. No one is certain, however, because the source of these long-monitored radio emissions is not fully understood.

All these lows have sparked a debate about whether the ongoing minimum is extreme or just an overdue market correction following a string of unusually intense solar maxima.

"Since the Space Age began in the 1950s, solar activity has been generally high," notes Hathaway. "Five of the ten most intense solar cycles on record have occurred in the last 50 years. We're just not used to this kind of deep calm."

Deep calm was fairly common a hundred years ago. The solar minima of 1901 and 1913, for instance, were even longer than what we're experiencing now. To match those minima in depth and longevity, the current minimum will have to last at least another year.

In a way, the calm is exciting, says Pesnell. "For the first time in history, we're getting to observe a deep solar minimum." A fleet of spacecraft — including the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), the twin probes of the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO), and several other satellites — are all studying the sun and its effects on Earth. Using technology that didn't exist 100 years ago, scientists are measuring solar winds, cosmic rays, irradiance and magnetic fields and finding that solar minimum is much more interesting than anyone expected.

Modern technology cannot, however, predict what comes next. Competing models by dozens of solar physicists disagree, sometimes sharply, on when this solar minimum will end and how big the next solar maximum will be. The great uncertainty stems from one simple fact: No one fully understands the underlying physics of the sunspot cycle.

Pesnell believes sunspot counts should pick up again soon, "possibly by the end of the year," to be followed by a solar maximum of below-average intensity in 2012 or 2013.

But like other forecasters, he knows he could be wrong. Bull or bear? Stay tuned for updates.